UK Defence Science and Technology Laboratory accelerates development of next-generation atomic clocks to strengthen military navigation and timing systems across all terrains

The Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl) is pushing the boundaries of timekeeping.

A recent trial has significantly advanced the development of next-generation atomic clocks designed to meet the unique needs of the UK’s armed forces.

These clocks promise unprecedented accuracy and resilience, critical for both defence operations and everyday technologies.

Why Accurate Time Matters More Than Ever

Modern military operations rely on precise position, navigation, and timing (PNT) data, which are usually provided by satellites like GPS.

However, satellite signals can be jammed, blocked, or disrupted by natural and man-made factors.

Without reliable timing, tasks ranging from submarine navigation to battlefield coordination can be compromised.

Matthew Aldous, formerly Dstl’s theme lead for Quantum Sensing, emphasizes that timing is not just military-critical—it underpins daily life.

“Navigation for emergency services, the timing of bank ATMs, and many other essential services depend on highly accurate clocks,” he said.

The new generation of atomic clocks is set to enhance performance, expand capabilities, and increase resilience in challenging conditions.

How Atomic Clocks Work

Atomic clocks are unlike traditional clocks.

They rely on three key components: a mechanism that produces a consistent frequency, a counter that measures it, and a display method that converts it into usable time.

Instead of mechanical gears or quartz crystals, atomic clocks use light waves to energize atoms, producing a frequency far more precise than conventional methods.

This precision is what allows them to support navigation systems, communication networks, and scientific research with extraordinary accuracy.

Trial Provides Real-World Testing for Innovation

Dstl’s trial allowed manufacturers to test both individual components and complete atomic clock systems.

Unlike standard laboratory conditions, this trial included long-term, unattended operation, simulating the rigours of real-world deployment.

The approach helps innovators understand the robustness required for military environments, from extreme temperatures to vibration and movement.

Commander Matt Steele, Future Technology Officer at the Royal Navy, highlighted the operational importance: “Having a navigation system that is precise, accurate, and persistent is critical for safe underwater navigation, whether for crewed submarines or uncrewed vessels.”

This trial, combined with previous efforts, positions the UK as a global leader in quantum sensing and timing technology.

Industry Collaboration Boosts Innovation

The trial has also opened doors for UK industry.

One participant, Far Field Exploits, a small company founded by ex-military personnel, benefitted from Dstl’s specialist equipment and expertise.

Director Simon Merrett said, “We make wireless time and frequency transfer systems for atomic clocks, but we didn’t have the in-house test capabilities.

Dstl provided both, and it was a fantastic collaboration.”

This partnership demonstrates how military innovation can accelerate commercial opportunities while strengthening national capabilities.

What’s Next?

Looking forward, a follow-up trial is planned for 2027.

This next phase will tackle specific military challenges and expand the scope beyond atomic clocks alone.

By 2030, the UK aims to deploy quantum navigation systems, including these atomic clocks, on aircraft, bringing next-generation accuracy to the skies.

These developments are expected to not only improve military precision but also create new commercial and technological markets for the UK.

Summary

Dstl’s recent trial has fast-tracked the development of next-generation atomic clocks, ensuring the UK military has reliable, high-precision timing systems even when satellites fail.

By combining real-world testing, industry collaboration, and advanced quantum technology, the UK is setting the stage for quantum navigation systems by 2030.

Beyond defence, these innovations could have broad impacts on civilian technology, from navigation and communication to financial systems.